环境民事损害的无过错责任原则研究

A Study on No-fault Liability Doctrine of Environmental Civil Damage

在人类社会的早期 ,实行结果责任原则。到了古罗马法后期 ,过错成为环境民事侵权行为法的基本归责原则。 19世纪以来 ,危险工业危害环境的高风险性给过错责任原则带来挑战 ,于是过失客观化、违法视为过失、过失推定论等调整过错责任原则的学说就产生了。但这些学说在司法实践中均存在一定的局限性 ,有必要加以整合和突破。出于环境民事损害的公平救济需要 ,过错责任原则的理论终于被超越 ,无过错责任通过判例和立法两种形式在环境民事损害领域逐渐地得到了承认。

At the early stage of human society,consequence liability principle was put into practice.During the late period of ancient Roman law,fault became a basic doctrine of liability fixation of environmental law of tort.Since 19th century,high risk of damage to environment in dangerous industry brought challenge to tort liability.So some theories that adjust tort liability came into being.But in justice practice,localization was discovered in these theories.It's necessary to integrate and break through these theories.Out of equitable remedy to environmental civil damage,tort liability principle was exceeded,and no-fault liability was gradually admitted in cases and legislation in the field of environmental civil damage.