先秦“说”诗与儒家诗“说”

Pre-Qin "Interpreting Poetry" And Confucianist Poetry " Interpretation"

过去,谈论先秦儒家诗学比较注重其伦理性内容,其实从孔子到孟子以致汉代的董仲舒,他们对《诗》的读解有比较浓厚的解释学思想。而这一思想是建立在春秋说《诗》"断章取义"的社会风气上的,当时赋诗者借《诗》言志,听诵者借诗以"观"志,这里的"志"是赋诗者所言之"志",而非作诗者之"志"。赋诗行为的听者与诵者双方,所凭借的是"以类取,以类予"的思维方式,"类"即是孔子所说的"诗可以兴"(引譬连类与感发志意)。在战国时期赋诗的语境不再存在,孟子针对"断章取义"之不足提出"以意逆志"的说《诗》方式,但"断章取义"在说《诗》过程是不可避免的,故有论者提出"诗无达诂"的阐释方式。

Talking of pre-Qin Confucianist Poetry,its ethical content used to be emphesized.In fact,from Confucia and Mengzi even to Dong Zhongshu in the Han Dynaity,scholars' interpretation of poetry was full of thoughts of explanation,which was based on the social phenomenon of misinterpreting poetry out of context.in the Sprirs and Autumn Period.At that time,chenters expressed their emotions by chanting poems,while listentrs perceived the emotions by listening to poems.Here 'emotions' were,of course,not the composersi but the chanters'. During the course ,Chanters and listeners co-operated with and under stood eath other with the poems as the media.This was realized by internalizing and communicating with the help of the similar subject.just as Confucia's idea-Poetry can in truduce common emotions and desives by analogy.During the Warring States Period,the context for chanting poetry disappeared,About the defect of poetry misinterpretantion,Mengzi put forward the approach--expressing emotion by meaning.However.misunderstanding in interpreting poetry was unavidable.Thus some scholars raised another way--Poetry interpretation may not by perfect.