康德历史哲学中的自然和自由

Nature and Freedom in Kant's Philosophy of History

按康德的历史哲学,"大自然的目的"乃是上帝的目的。个别人的行为尽管出于目的意识,但不合大自然(上帝)的意图和目的。只有人类整体的行为才合乎上帝的目的亦即大自然的目的———尽管整体没有意识。单个的人其实不知道整个宇宙的目的。只有整体才能实现自由,才能进入自由王国。个别的人谈不到自由。按马克思,未来社会的目标乃一切人自由而全面的发展,这同康德关于自由在未来才可以实现的看法一致。本文认为,康德的"大自然"即"天意"完全不是客观自然界。本文根据康德的哲学,把自然和历史,必然和自由看作两个分离的领域。自然界没有历史和自由。历史中也没有必然和规律。历史同自然脱离,形成逐渐向上却充满艰辛的道路。

According to Kant's philosophy of history, the purpose of Nature is really God himself. Though the actions of the individual come from the consciousness of purpose, they don't accord with the intention and purpose of Nature (i.e., God).Only the actions of mankind as a whole accord with the aim of God——though as a whole, mankind has no consciousness. Only the whole of mankind can realize freedom kingdom. The individual knows nothing about the aim of the universe. The subject of freedom is the mankind as a whole. The article makes a demarcation between nature and history, necessity and freedom. History departs from nature and forms a progressive process.