论侵权行为法中受害人的同意

On the Consent of Victim in Tort Law

在侵权行为法中,受害人同意是指,受害人就他人特定行为的发生或者他人对自己权益造成的特定损害后果予以同意并表现在外部的意愿。它可以是明示的,也可以是默示的。合法有效的受害人同意包括以下几项要件:必须有明确具体的内容;真实的、自愿的;受害人具有同意能力;加害人尽到充分的告知、说明义务;不得违反法律的强行性、禁止性规定以及公共秩序、善良风俗。合法有效的受害人同意能够作为违法阻却事由或抗辩事由,从而免除加害人的侵权责任。但是,受害人对于犯罪行为的同意既不能免除加害人的刑事责任,也不能免除民事责任。受害人的同意与受害人故意、自甘冒险、免责条款之间既存在相同点,也有不同之处。

The Consent of victim in torts law refers to the victim's willingness for the particular conduct or harm to occur. The consent may be expressed openly, or be implied as well. The effective consent must include the following features: the consent should be of particular conduct or harm; the consent is real and voluntary; the defendants fulfill the duty to tell and explain; the victim has the capacity of consent; the content does not violate statute law, public policy and good faith. Effective consent can be used as a defense to exempt the civil liabilities of defendant. However, the consent to a criminal act will not protect the defendant against a criminal prosecution and civil action. The consent is different from the intent of victim, assumption of risk and exemption clauses.