西欧中世纪后期社会力量重组与新型君主国的建立

Reconstruction of Social Organizations and Establishment of New Monarchy in the Late Mediaeval West Europe

西欧封建初期 ,是君主、教会与地方贵族三权并立的统治 ,君主作为封建等级的最高领主 ,在超民族的教会与割据的贵族教俗两大权力的双重制约下 ,只能间接行使虚弱的国家控制权。 12世纪以后 ,随着欧洲社会的动态发展 ,市民阶层崛起 ,伴之以商品货币经济繁荣、罗马法复兴、商业技术手段更新、新经济模式乍现 ,逐渐排斥了另外两大权力实体的作用 ,在资产阶级和民族主义两大新生力量的双重支持下 ,建立起新型的君主制政体 。

In the early period of feudal Europe, monarch, church and local aristocrats co-ruled the country. Monarch, as a top leader of all feudal classes, could only indirectly govern the whole country. However, after 1300s, with the expansion of burgher class, the prosperity of economy of commodity money, the renewal of Roman law together with the upgrading of commercial techniques and the springing up of new economic pattern, the power of church and local aristocrats was gradually deprived. Supported by the bourgeoisie and democracy, the new monarchy was set up, which led Europe into a new era.