塔里木河干流近50a地表水资源利用问题评估

Assessment on the Utilization of Surface Water Resources in the Mainstream Watershed of the Tarim River since Recent 5 Decades

塔里木河干流本身不产生径流 ,历史上曾有九大水系汇入 ,而现今与塔里木河干流有地表水力联系的只有阿克苏河、和田河和开都河—孔雀河三大水系 ,维系其水与生态系统。近 5 0a来 ,由于源流区以水资源开发利用为核心的高强度的人类活动 ,在源流区出山口水量未减少 ,且 2 0世纪 90年代以来有明显增加的背景下 ,补给干流的水量呈明显减少态势。加之干流区间耗水量不断增大 ,多年平均干流上游耗水量 16 .89× 10 8m3 ,中游 2 2 .96×10 8m3 ,上中游耗水量占阿拉尔站多年平均径流量 (4 6 .18× 10 8m3 )的 86 .3% ,仅有 (6 .33× 10 8m3 ) 13.7%的水量进入下游。地处下游的大西海子水库建于 1970年 ,1970 - 1999年的 30a中 ,有 2 0a无水下泄其下游 ,致使 32 0km河道干涸 ,台特玛湖于 1974年消失于荒漠中。塔里木河干流下游一片凄凉景象 ,风沙肆虐 ,沙漠扩大 ,生态退化 ,严重危及干流地区。 2 0 0 0年 5月 14日至 2 0 0 3年 11月 3日从博斯腾湖 5次向干流下游应急输水 ,计由大西海子水库下泄水量达 16 .6× 10 8m3 ,才使干涸长达 2 8a的台特码湖于 2 0 0 1年 11月 16日开始恢复到 10km2 多的水域 。

There is no the runoff formation in the mainstream watershed of the Tarim River. The mainstream of the Tarim River was converged by 9 main stream systems, it, however, is currently converged by 3 main stream systems only, i.e., the Aksu River, Hotan River and Kaidu River-Kongque River, and its ecosystems are maintained by these three stream systems. Since recent 5 decades, the stream flow of the mainstream of Tarim River has been obviously reduced due to the extensive human activities dominated by the exploitation and utilization of water resources in the source stream areas although the stream flow out of the debouchures is not reduced and even increased since the 1990's. Moreover, the water consumption is continuously increased, the average annual water consumption is 1.689×109 m3 in the upper reaches of the mainstream of Tarim River and 2.296×109 m3 in the middle reaches, the water consumption in the upper and middle reaches occupies 86.3% of the average annual runoff volume (4.618×109 m3) at Aral Hydrological Station, and only an average annual runoff volume of 6.33×109 m3, occupying 13.7% of the average annual runoff volume, can flow to the lower reaches. The Daxihaizi Reservoir located in the lower reaches was built in 1970, and then there was no stream flow flowing downstream from the reservoir in 20 years among the 30 years from 1970 to 1999. Thus, a river channel section of 320 km in length and the Taitema Lake in the lower reaches were dried up, the area of the desert was enlarged, the desertification became more serious, and the ecology was degenerated in the lower reaches of mainstream of Tarim River.Five times of the urgent stream water transfusion from the Bosten Lake to the mainstream of Tarim River were implemented during the period from May 14, 2000 to November 3, 2003, the total discharged stream water volume downstream from the Daxihaizi Reservoir was 1.66×109 m3. Thus, the water area of the Taitema Lake dried up for 28 years was larger than 10 km2 on November 16, 2001, and the ecology and environment along the river channel in the lower reaches of the Tarim River are currently improved.