医源性输尿管损伤的诊断和治疗

Diagnosis and management of iatrogenic ureteral injury

目的 分析医源性输尿管损伤的特点 ,总结医源性输尿管损伤预防、诊断和治疗经验。 方法 分析 1997～ 2 0 0 3年间收治的 17例医源性输尿管损伤患者的致伤原因、部位、治疗时间、方法以及治疗结果等。 结果 17例医源性输尿管损伤中 ,妇产科、普通外科、腔内泌尿外科导致输尿管损伤分别为 12例 (71% )、4例 (2 4 % )和 1例 (6 % )。 6 5 % (11/17)出现在输尿管下段 ,18% (3/17)出现在输尿管中段 ,18% (3/17)出现在输尿管上段。损伤方式为结扎、结扎牵拉成角、离断、穿孔 ,分别为 5例 (2 9% )、7例 (4 1% )、4例 (2 4 % )和 1例 (6 % ) ;4例于术中发现 ,9例于术后 2～ 11d发现 ,4例于伤后 3个月～半年诊治。输尿管端端吻合 7例 ,输尿管膀胱再植术 3例 ,输尿管探查取石术 1例 ,单纯输尿管松解术 3例 ,松解后置入双J管 3例。该组手术均获成功 ,随访 6个月～ 3年 ,无一例尿路感染、肾积水加重和肾功能下降。 结论 输尿管损伤的部位和类型决定了治疗的方式 ;全面认识输尿管解剖 ,是防止输尿管损伤的关键 ;当输尿管损伤时 ,掌握诊断步骤、熟悉治疗原则是提高医源性输尿管损伤治愈率的关键。

Objective To analyze the characteristics of iatrogenic urerteral injury and summarize the experiences in prevention,diagnosis and treatment of iatrogenic urerteral injury. MethodsA review was made on the injurycauses,the injury locations,the treatment time,the methods of surgical procedures and the results of treatment in 17 patients with iatrogenic ureteral injury treated surgically from 1997 to 2003. Results Of 17 cases of iatrogenic ureteral injuries,gynecological,general surgical and urological procedures resulted in ureteral injuries in 12 cases (71%),four (24%) and one (6%),respectively. Of all the injuries,65% (11/17) appeared in the lower part of the ureter,18% (3/17) in the middle part of the ureter and 18% (3/17) in the upper part of the ureter. The main injury causes were ligation,partial ligation,complete transection and perforation,accounting for 29% (5/17),41% (7/17),24% (4/17) and 6% (1/17),respectively. Four cases were found during operation,nine at days 2-11 after operation and four were treated 3-6 months after injury. Treatment methods included end-to-end ureteral anastomosis in seven cases,ureteroneocystostomy in three,ureteral lithotomy in one,pure ureteral lysis in three and post-lysis double-J tube insertion in three. All patients were cured. The follow-up ranging from six months to three years showed no patients suffering from urinary tract infection,hydronephrosis or atrophy. Conclusions The location and type of injury determine the type of surgical repair. A thorough knowledge of pelvic anatomy and mastering the basic steps of diagnosis and treatment are critical for prevention and management of the iatrogenic urerteral injury.