我国社会流动机制:变迁与问题

Social Mobility Mechanism in China: Vicissitude and Problems

20世纪80年代以来,我国社会流动机制发生了深刻的变化,人们由原来主要通过国家政策性安排转向通过市场竞争来实现社会流动。人们在社会流动过程中自致性因素的作用增多.先赋性因素的作用减弱。从合理的社会流动的角度看,我国社会流动仍然存在诸多问题。经济发展提供的职业岗位相对不足,造成相当一部分人实现社会流动的愿望难以实现;一些人在改革中向下社会流动;制度安排带来的先赋性以及类似先赋性因素对社会流动的作用仍然很强;非制度性因素独特地影响着人们的社会流动。这些问题一方面体现出社会流动机制向市场化迈进的过渡性和阶段性,另一方面又表现出很强的“中国特色”社会转型的结构性和文化性。

Since 1980's, the mechanism of social mobility in China has changed profoundly. In the present, social mobility can be realized thought market competition instead of compulsive allocation in some extent, in which ascribed factors are declining. However, there still exist quite a few problems in Chinese social mobility. Economic development cannot provide enough jobs to satisfy people's demand. In the reform, some people's social positions have moved downwardly. Heritage factors including some institutional allocation have great influence on social mobility. Non-institutional factors affect normal social mobility in a very typical way. These demonstrate the transition from planed economy towards market economy. On the other hand, they reflect strong Chinese characteristics, representing the structural and cultural characteristics of social transition in China.