20世纪30～40年代保定农村土地分散趋势及其原因

Land Decentralization and Its Causes in Rural Baoding of Hebei Province in 1930s and 1940s

近代中国农业发生的最大变化 ,实际上是外部环境的变化 ,即外国列强入侵引发的中国产业结构变化和中国融入了资本主义世界市场 ,由此也引发了中国农业土地经营由过去封建社会的集中化转为分散化的趋势。但是 ,土地分散化趋势虽然是封建土地制度的衰落 ,但并不意味着农业资本主义经济的发展。农业经营规模趋向分散 ,并非是由于小规模经营优于大规模经营 ,而是由于中国广大的农民处于人口和劳动力过剩的情况下 ,尽管经营条件不利 ,他们还得接受这种不利于经营条件而继续维持生产 ,走投无路 ,不生产就得挨饿。小经营在市场面前 ,还缺少随市场涨落而调节其生产的机动能力 ,这并不是他们不知趋利避害 ,认识上迟钝麻木 ,而是由于极端贫困所致。这种家庭经营表面上的牢固稳定 ,掩盖了这种经济实质上的贫弱性。

The greatest change in modern Chinese agriculture is in fact the change of external environment, namely the invasion of foreign countries, change of economic structure and China's access to world capitalist market, which leads to land decentralization. However, land decentralization doesn't mean development of capitalist economy in Chinese agriculture, but the decline of feudalist land system. Because of large surplus of rural labor and population, farmers must be engaged in low-efficient agricultural production not to suffer from starvation. Small-size agriculture is farmer's only choice but not the good choice. It is ignored that rural poverty in modern China has something to do with the development of smallholder economy.