孟德斯鸠论政治品德评析

Analysis of political character of Moutesquieu's works

孟德斯鸠在《论法的精神》中论述了政治品德。在政治品德与私人品德、宗教道德的关系上,他认为,私人美德关注的只是个人的善,政治美德高于私人美德,它追求城邦整体的善;基督教道德使人完全服从于对上帝的热爱、信仰和希望,其实质是教人抛弃现世的一切,去追求上帝。在政治品德与政体的关系上,他把政体分为共和政体、君主政体和专制政体,专制政体不需要政治品德;君主政体绝不排斥品德,但品德并非其动力;共和政体的动力是美德。在政治品德的培养上,他提出立法应与政体的原则相适应,试图通过法律和制度建设,在习俗与政治品德之间建立起联系,通过培养纯良的风俗来培养公民的政治品德。他还重视家庭、学校和社会教育在培养政治品德中的作用。

In the De I Esprit des Lois, Moutesquieu discussed political characters.In the relationship between political characters, personal characters and religion characters, he thought that personal characters paid more attention to personal perfection, while political characters aspired after the whole country's perfection, so political characters were more advanced than personal characters; Christian characters submitted people's love, passion and godliness to God totally, and the essential was to make people forsake the reality while to adore God. In the relationship between political characters and regime, Moutesquieu divided the regime into republic regime, sovereignty regime and autarchy regime. Autarchy regime didn't need political characters; sovereignty regime didn't exclude political characters, but the characters were not its motivity; republic regime's motivity was virtue. In the training of political characters, Moutesquieu put forward that lawmaking should be accordant with the regime's policies. He tried to set up the relationship between customs and political characters through developing laws and systems; to train civic political characters through training pure customs. Moutesquieu also thought much of the function of family, school and society education in training political characters.