宪法危机理论:以美国内战与重建时期为例的阐释

Theory on the Constitutional Crisis:An Interpretation on the Case of American Civil War and Reconstruction

宪法危机的发生有两个条件 :第一 ,在根本性问题上 ,宪法条文具有强烈的容易引起宪法解释争端的模糊性 ;同时 ,这些模糊的宪法条文所规定的问题 ,在现实政治生活中又已经发展成为实际的、主要的政治问题。我通过对美国内战与重建时期的历史检视 ,发现在美国联邦宪法中存在着三个符合这些条件、并最终引发宪法危机的模糊点 :联邦制度和最高主权归属的问题、共和制度与奴隶制度的关系问题、公民身份与公民权利的问题。这三个问题也是美国内战与重建时期要着力解决并通过暴力手段得以解决的问题。

The constitutional crisis occurs under the following two conditions:firstly, the articles in the constitution are vague enough to result in the disputes in interpreting the constitution; secondly, the issues prescribed by these vague constitutional articles have developed into real and basic political problems in reality. Through an historical review on the case of American Civil War and Reconstruction, the author holds that there are three vague points in the American Federal Constitution which accords with the conditions mentioned hereof and in the long run led to the constitutional crisis:Federalism and the sovereignty ascription, republicanism and slavery, civil identity and civil rights. The three problems were also the significant ones which had been tried to resolve during the American Civil War and the Reconstruction and did be resolved through violent means.