帝乙祀谱、帝乙在位年与商末岁首

The Cyclic Sacrificial System of King Diyi,His Reigning Yearsand the Beginning of the Year Towards the End of Shang

商末黄组甲骨文和晚商青铜器铭文中有一批周祭材料 ,其中属于帝乙的周祭材料自二祀到十祀十分密集 ,在周祭顺序上完全可以连接成一个系统。重新研究这些材料 ,分析它们在历法上的自洽性 ,证明它们可以属于同一部历法 ,并通过各条材料之间的限制关系 ,基本确定了由这批材料所决定的这段时间的历谱。采用历日计算的方法 ,将帝乙祀谱与帝辛祀谱进行连接 ,指出帝乙可能的在位年数为 2 1年、2 6年、3 1年 ,以 2 6年为好。连接帝乙祀谱与帝辛祀谱的计算结果 ,显示出自帝乙二祀到帝辛元祀之间岁首当发生过较大变化 ,这为以前关于商后期岁首曾在夏季或秋季的研究结果提供了历法上的证据。

Among the cyclic sacrificial materials in the Huang Group oracle bone inscriptions of the final years of Shang and inscriptions of late Shang,those belong to King Diyi densely cover the period from the 2nd to the 10th year of his reign,making a perfect sacrificial sequence.By reinspecting these materials and analyzing their sequence in calendar,this paper proves that they can be put into one calendar,and the calendar of this period is basically fixed by constraints among the different materials.Via calendrical calculations the sacrificial system of King Diyi and that of King Dixin are connected,and it can be concluded that King Diyi might have reigned for 21,26 or 31 years,of which 26 years being the most probable.The connecting results of the two sacrificial systems show that from the 2nd year of King Diyi’s reign to the 1st year of King Dixin’s reign the beginning of the years had quite changed,which offers calendrical evidences for the claims set forth thus far that the beginning of the year during late Shang falls into summer or autumn.