我国城市污染消减与环境管理的三个基本问题

Three fundamental issues on abatement and management of urban polluti on in China

从产业结构、能源消费和城市生活污染三个方面出发,重点分析了城市污染的相应贡献.据估计,我国的工业污染占总污染负荷的70%.中国是世界最大的煤炭消费国,尽管煤的消费结构比例有所下降,但2002年仍占66.1%,以煤为主的能源结构,面临环境问题的严峻挑战.我国城市污水排放一直保持较高的增长,从1998—2002年的5年间,平均增长速度为3.5%;1999年全国城市生活污水排放量首次超过工业废水,成为城市水环境的主要污染源.城市生活垃圾,近几年的增长率一直保持在6%～8%的水平.经济发展与环境污染之间的相关性分析表明:城市颗粒物质、二氧化硫随着区域富裕程度而减低,人均城市废物和人均二氧化碳的排放量则随着区域富裕水平的提高而增加.针对城市污染的核心影响要素,提出了产业结构转型、发展生态产业、提高清洁能源消费比例和城市污染治理的市场化经营等城市污染消减和管理的基本思路.

This paper had selected industrial structure,energy structure of co nsumption,wastewater and garbage factors in urban to judge the contribution of pollution. It was estimated the pollution from industries consisted of 70%total loading of pollution. China is one of the biggest countries of coal consumption in the world. Of energy consumption,66.1%was from coal in 2002,even through the proportion of coal consumption was decreasing,the high proportion of coal c onsumption resulted in sharp environmental pollution. The growth of urban wastew ater discharge and refuse was also significant in the past few years. The annual average speed of growth was 3.5%in wastewater from 1998 to 2000 and 6%～8%in refuse respectively. The benefit loss resulted from pollution and correlation b etween urban pollution and economic level were also systematic analysed. Particl e fall and SO2 in urban decreased in association with economic level increase,r efuse and CO2 emission per capita increase in association with economic level im provement. Consequently,solving these problems in pollution abatement and manan gment are the first tasks that should be tackled in industrial transformation,d evelopment eco-industry,increasing the proportation of cleaning energy consump ation and management of treatment infrastructure based on market economy and ope ration regulation.