市场开放、企业学习及适应能力和产业成长模式转型——中国汽车产业案例研究

The Enterprises' Leaning to Improve the Adaptability Ability after China's Opening of Market to the World, and the Transition of Growth Pattern in Industries

在综合了新古典和结构主义学派关于产业成长与市场环境之间关系研究的基础上,本文结合落后国家产业成长的特点,运用“互动学习和产业成长”分析框架,研究了在加入WTO后(市场开放)我国汽车产业中跨国公司和当地企业的战略调整以及这两类企业之间相对竞争优势的变化,并结合当地企业的学习和适应能力分析了该产业的未来变化趋势。本项研究得出的基本结论是:(1)伴随加入WTO而进行的投资和贸易自由化进程使得跨国公司的竞争优势得到了充分发挥,在这种情况下,国内企业采取了竞相进行合资或引进新车型的战略,从而加深了它们对跨国公司的依附程度。(2)国内企业和跨国公司的战略调整,以及双方实力和能力对比的变化导致中国汽车产业的成长模式在向依附形式转变。(3)在跨国公司超强竞争优势下,落后国家新兴产业和弱小企业的发展必须得到当地政府强有力的支持。但是,这只是必要条件,而决非充分条件。在保护环境下,企业会追求最容易、最迅速的赢利方式,譬如,单纯利用市场保护享受高额利润,而不进行产品开发、技术学习和创新等能力建设。因而,政府的强有力鞭策和要求以及当地企业与跨国公司之间互动学习关系的建立等都是当地产业进一步发展的关键。

On the basis of synthesis of a study of the relations, advocated by neoclassicists and structuralists, between industrial growth and market environment, in this article we have, according to the feature of industrial growth in underdeveloped countries, and with the analytic framework of'interdynamic learning and industrial growth',studied the strategic adjustment——since China's entry into WTO——by transnational motor companies located in China and China's local enterprises, and the changes in comparative competitive advantages of the two kinds of enterprises mentioned above, and have, by means of combination with the local companies' leaning and with their adaptation ability, analyzed the trend of the industry. The basis conclusion of this study is that: (1)the investment in China by transnational companies and process of trade liberalization, both of which have been accompanied with China's entry into WTO, have given free rein to transnational companies' competitive advantage, under which situation the domestic enterprises have competed with each other to adopt the strategy of joint adventure or introduction into new car models, thus causing them to attach themselves more to transnational corporations; (2)the strategy adjustment of domestic businesses and transnational corporations, and the change in comparison of strength and ability between the said two kinds of enterprises have resulted in the growth model of China's motor industry turning to the dependent pattern;(3)under the pressure of super great competitive advantage of transnational corporations, the infant and weak and small businesses in backward countries must have got strong support from the local governments, which is only necessary condition but not sufficient condition; under the protection from the government, enterprises must have sought the easiest and speediest way to obtain profits, for example, they may have relied only on market protection to get high benefits, without development of products, technical learning and construction of innovation ability and other factors. Therefore, the governmental pressing urge and demand, and the establishment of relationship of interdynamic learning between local enterprises and multinational corporations are the key to further growth of local businesses.