房屋拆迁补偿与公民财产权的宪法保护

Compensation of Reacquisition and Relocation of Houses and the Constitutional Protection of the Private Property of the Citizens

房屋拆迁是对公民重大财产的剥夺,不仅涉及到公民财产所有权等民事权利的保护,更涉及到公民私有财产的宪法保护。我国宪法对公民财产权保护的制度性的不足,是导致房屋拆迁实践中种种问题的渊薮。尤其是此次修宪对“公共利益”的定义,和对征收、征用私有财产的补偿原则的缺失,使公民财产权利保护的原则在宪法层面上缺乏依据。在房屋拆迁方面,上述不足将公民房屋拆迁及其补偿造成至为不利的影响。因此,严格规制公共利益和公平补偿应当是对私有财产保护的宪法原则,也应当是房屋拆迁补偿中的核心原则。其中,拆迁补偿方式中, 原址产权调换在体现公平补偿原则方面具有特殊的重要意义。笔者认为,以原址产权调换为原则,来确定拆迁补偿方式或金额,并以此为房屋产权人户提供多种安置补偿方式,是当前解决拆迁纠纷的现实之举。

Dismantlement and removal of housing by the government (hereinafter referred to as 'RR') is a deprival of citizens' significant property, which concerns not only civil protection but also the constitutional protection of the private property of the citizens. The systematic insufficiency of the Constitution of People's Republic of China in this regard is the source of the problematic practice of RR. In particular, the lack of a clear-cut definition to the concept of 'public interest' and the principle of compensation of RR leads to poor protection in the constitutional level. A clear-cut regulation of the public interest and the principle of fair compensation shall be the constitutional principle for protection of private property and also the core for the compensation of RR. As the methods of compensation for RR are concerned, the exchange of the right of real estate in the original site should be the principal method, based on which the monetary compensation should be calculated and other methods should be provided to the victims in RR. This will be the actual cure for the problems of RR in practice.