句式变化的认知语用理据

The Cognitive and Pragmatic Motivations for Syntactic Change

语言中的各种句式可以看作一个系统，在这一系统中，既有符合认知规律的常式句，也有偏离认知规律的变式句。无论常式句还是变式句，要在语言系统中存在，在言语交际中运用，就必须有其存在的语用价值。英语中引起句式变化的认知语用理据包括语境、表述重心、焦点、语用意图、语用预设等。在语言的实际运用中，常式句正是由于以上诸认知语用因素的影响和干预而发生变化，并成为变式句的。

The various types of clauses in a language may be regarded as a system. In the system, the clauses which are in agreement with the cognitive patterns are unmarked clauses, whereas those which do not follow the cognitive patterns are marked clauses. Both the unmarked and marked clauses must have their own pragmatic values if they are to exist in the language and to be used in verbal communication. This paper attempts to study the cognitive and pragmatic motivations which lead to syntactic changes in English. The cognitive and pragmatic motivations may include context, end-weight, focus, pragmatic intention, pragmatic presupposition and so on. It is just those motivations that cause the unmarked clauses to be changed into the marked ones in verbal communication.