明史馆馆臣的史学见解和清初史学思想的特征

The Historiographers' History Understanding of the National Archives of Ming Dynasty and the Feature of the History Thought in the Early Period of Qing Dynasty

明史馆馆臣所提出的史学见解 ,影响了清初史学发展的特点和趋向。史学学风开始由明代空虚浮华向重视经世致用和核实求真发展。史家“是非之心”对史著真实性的作用受到重视 ,显示出心性之学对史书修撰的影响 ,既丰富了传统史学的“心术”论 ,又对章学诚的“史德”论产生了影响。“本乎时宜 ,因时变通”史书体例观的提出和对纪传体史书内部的协调与贯通的重视 ,打破了刘知几拘泥体例的思想。在对实录与野史史学价值的认识上 ,充满辩证色彩 ,所提出的考察史料价值的原则 ,具有史学批评的方法论意义。这些史学见解既有浓厚的“遗民”情结 ,显示出批判的锋芒 ,又明显地打上了官方意志的印记。

The history understanding put forward by the historiographers of the national archives of Ming dynasty affected the developing feature and trend of the history science of the early period of Qing dynasty. The history style of study started to change from the meretricious one in Ming dynasty to valuing management of affairs and applications and the reality and development. The action of the history scientist's ‘conscience’ on the truth of history works was valued, which showed the influence of the disposition doctrine on the compiling history works, enriched the 'scheme theory' of the traditional history, as well as acted on the 'history virtue theory' held by Zhang Xuecheng. That the style idea of history works as 'basing on the proper time and changing according to the time' was put forward and the theory of coordination and connection of the internal part of the biography style history works was valued broke the thought of 'sticking to the style' held by Liu Zhiji. In the understanding of the value of real records and non-formal history works was full of dialectical color. The principles of studying the value of the history materials they put forward had much significance for the methodology of historical criticism. Such history understandings were full of the sentiments of the 'adherents of the former dynasty', showed the criticizing edge, as well as apparently stamped the official brand.