日语格助词的无形化及其原因

The Disappearance of the Case Particle in Japanese and Its Causes

日语句子中格助词的无形化主要见于两种情况:一种是格成分作主题时,一种是格成分作分裂句的述题时。本文主要讨论后一种情况的格助词无形化的条件以及影响格助词无形化的原因。通过讨论发现,格助词的无形化取决于该格成分的类型,基本格成分的格助词都可以无形化,而非基本格成分的格助词都不能无形化。影响格助词无形化的原因有格成分类型的转化、不同基本格成分的词汇选择与省略、说话人的表达意图等。

The disappearance of the case particle in Japanese sentences usually occurs in two ways: one is when the case member is made a topic and the other is when the case member is made a comment of the cleft sentence. In this paper, we discuss the conditions of the disappearance of the case particle, focusing on the latter, and the causes that affect the disappearance of the case particle. There are 10 kinds of case member in Japanese: ga-case, wo-case, ni-case, to-case, de-case, f-case, e-case, kara-case, made-case and yori-case. The case particles of ga-case, wo-case and e-case disappear unconditionally when these case members are made comment of the cleft sentence. F-case has no problem with the disappearance of the case particle. The case particle of made-case usually does not disappear. Ni-case of result of change as a comment element of the cleft sentence must retain case particle while the relative wo-case co-appears in the sentence. To-case of partner or opponent usually retain case particle. But if an element such like isshoni appears in the sentence, the case particle may disappear. To-case of 搄udgment?and naming as a comment element of the cleft sentence must retain case particle while the relative wo-case co-appears in the sentence. The case particle of de-case sometimes appears as well but it usually disappears. Kara-case usually retains the case particle when the case member is made a comment of the cleft sentence. But that of cause and spatial starting point may disappears. The case particle of kara-case that has the meaning of spatial starting point sometimes does and sometimes does not imply the meaning of terminal point. The one that implies the meaning of terminal point must retain the case particle, and the one that does not imply the meaning of terminal point may not retain the case particle when the case member is made a comment of the cleft sentence. In the type of case member, the case particle may disappear when basic case member is made a comment of the cleft sentence, and it cannot disappear when non-basic case member is made a comment of the cleft sentence. We didnt find any examples of yori-case that is made a comment of the cleft sentence in our investigation. But according to the type of case member, the case particle of yori-case cannot disappear. The type of case member decides the disappearance of the case particle in comment element of the cleft sentence. But still there are several causes that affect the disappearance of the case particle. First, because of the presence of other elements in the sentence, the original non-basic case member is turned to basic case member or vice versa. This case accounts for the disappearance of the case particle or vice versa. Secondly, because of the predicate verb, different basic case member in the sentence sometimes selects the same vocabulary. The omitting of higher rank case member may affect the disappearance of the case particle of lower rank case member that is made a comment of the cleft sentence. Thirdly, due to the speakers intention of expressions such as comparison, exclusiveness, etc., the case particle, which may disappears, is retained.