启蒙与遮蔽:论费尔巴哈宗教批判的二重性

Enlightenment and Covering-up:the Duality of Feuerbach's Critique of Religion

费尔巴哈从人作为一个感性的实体对幸福的追求出发,毕生致力于对宗教神学的批判。他不仅否定了宗教领域中的奇迹,而且希望以此来否定政治领域中的奇迹。这在德国当时的情形下产生了重大的启蒙作用,但是他对于宗教与其世俗基础的关系的片面理解,极大地限制了他的理论视野。他用人与神的对立模糊了现实世界中人与人的对立,则又在事实上起到了一种意识形态的遮蔽作用。

Starting from the fact of human beings seeking happiness as a perceptual substance, Feuerbach devoted all his life to the critique of religion. He not only denied the miracles in the field of religion, but accordingly attempted to deny any miracles in the political field. That had brought about a great enlightenment in Germany of his time. But his inadvertent understanding of the relation between religion and its worldly foundation comparatively limited the vision of his theory. When stressing the antithesis between God and Man, he, in a sense, covered up that between man and man in the real world, which had in fact worked as an ideological cover-up.