论张謇的“无终山都邑”式社会理想

On Zhang Jian's Wuzhongshan-Townlike Social Ideal

因兴办工业企业而获得成功的张謇按照他的理想 ,自清末起在南通开始营造一个“新世界”。民国初年 ,这一有着“新村落”等数种称谓的“新世界”吸引了国内外社会的较多关注 ,而又得“模范”之称。张謇所设计的这一理想社会的源头是汉末田子泰经营的“无终山都邑” ,张謇将其演绎成自己的“村落主义”和地方自治。随着张謇对海外世界的进一步了解 ,他在其社会理想中增添了来自于西方的内容 ,但他始终没有放弃过从早年起就奉为圭臬的田子泰式的村落主义。也正是由于这一社会理想的制约 ,张謇设计和经营的近代自治社会没有实现民主化和法治化 ,而专权式的自治窒息了社会活力 ,再加上其它因素 ,最终影响了社会的经济基础 ,阻碍了南通早期现代化的进程。

Zhang Jian, who was successful in initiating industry, started to construct his ideal New World in Nantong since the end of the Qing dynasty. The New World attracted much attentions from both internal and external world, and got a laudatory title of a fine example. The headstream of such a society designed by Zhang Jian was unexpectedly Wuzhongshan-town run by Tianzitai in the late Han dynasty. Zhang Jian turned it into his own village-community-ism and local autonomy. Zhang Jian added some new content from the West into his social ideal in pace with his further understanding of the overseas world, but he never gave up Tianzitai-like village-community-ism that he had held up as a criterion. Just because of being restricted by this social ideal, the modern autonomic society designed and managed by Zhang Jian was unable to realize democratization and nomocracy .The quasi-dictatorial autonomy stifled social vigor. With other factors being together, it influenced the economic foundation of the society and hindered the progress of the early modernization that had started in Nantong since the beginning of last century.