意识形态理论的中心问题——批判理论与曼海姆知识社会学的比较分析

Central Problems in the Theory of Ideology

在法兰克福学派对曼海姆知识社会学的批判中 ,有四个反复出现的主题 ,即总体性、意识与社会存在、意识形态、真理。其中 ,曼海姆的社会历史总体概念被作为一种唯心主义和形而上学倒退加以拒绝 ;曼海姆对意识与社会存在关系的说明被说成是含糊的和没有具体决定的 ;曼海姆把意识形态概念扩展到“一般的—总体的”表述被认为导致了其最初批判内容的丧失 ;曼海姆知识社会学关于“相对主义”的所有断言 ,被认为缺乏一个真实的真理概念 ,因而注定会陷于相对主义。这四个论题是意识形态理论的中心问题 。

There are four recurrent themes in the Frankfurt School’s critique of Mannheim’s sociology of knowledge. They are totality, consciousness and social existence, ideology and truth. Mannheim’s concept of socio-historical totality was rejected as a regression to idealist metaphysics. His account of the relation between consciousness and social existence was said to be vague and without specific determination. His concept of ideology was said to have lost its original critical content. And finally, the sociology of knowledge was said to be lacking a substantive conception of truth and therefore fated to fall into relativism. These four issues are the central problems in the theory of ideology which also stand at the heart of the contrast between the two theories.