美国公共安全危机事件应急管理研究

Study on Emergency Administration of Crisis Events of Public Security in the United States

从应急管理的角度来看,凡涉及危及国家安全,危害公共安全和社会秩序,威胁公民生命财产安全,需要各级应急管理机构做出反应的,均属于公共安全危机事件。在美国,由于公共安全危机事件的规模与所要求的应急资源级别不同,因而联邦、州和地方政府也对其具有不同的界定标准。美国联邦政府的第一个应急管理计划是针对洪水与民防事务的处置。20世纪70年代,FEMA被指定承担协调联邦、州和地方当局应对危机的职责,而且成为全国对紧急事件管理的领导机构。美国的国家应急管理体系为:地方政府的应急反应机构是各种公共安全危机事件的第一反应者;州的应急反应机构对包括缩减、准备、反应和恢复在内的所有危机管理负责以及当州政府的应急能力不足时呼吁联邦政府给予支持。对公共安全危机事件的应急过程不仅需要政府的应急机构进行组织,而且需要许多社会组织参与。

Viewing from emergency administration, crisis events of public security includes these activities which are endangering national security, public security and social order, threatening individual life and property security, and need to take reactions by emergency administrative organs, so on. There are different definitions on crisis events of public security in the United States because of different levels that meet many kinds of emergency resources in States government and in Federal government. The first emergency administrative project in Federal government was to deal with flood and civil lookout. FEMA became the organ that has taken the lead of administration to coordinate Federal and States'functions in response to crisis events since 1970s. National emergency administrative system in the United States are as followings: emergency organ in response to crisis events in local government which is the first party in response to crisis events of public security; emergency organs in response to crisis events in States; Federal organs concerned and other social organizations.