有关近代河南灾荒的几个问题

Some Issues about Disasters in Henan in Modern Times

河南省是一个灾害频仍的省份 ,在近代居于突出的地位。河南灾荒的特点有二 :一是频发性 ,二是强度高 ,危害甚巨。关于赈济 ,有两种形式 ,一种是官赈 ,另一种是义赈。官赈的内容包括仓储制度、善堂、蠲缓、放赈等。为了筹措放赈钱粮 ,清廷采取了捐纳、商借、协济等措施。义赈作为我国长达几千年的灾荒史上并不多见的现象 ,即从河南等省首先兴起 ,传教士也参与其间。人类与灾荒的关系是 ,人口增多导致生态环境恶化 ,生态环境恶化导致灾荒 ,灾荒又促使人口减少 ,某种意义上对人口数量起着自然而残酷的调节 ,这一恶性循环使我们不能不产生这样一个认识 :人满为患 ,灾荒是由人类自身造成的。

Disasters happed in Henan frequently in modern times with features of high frequency and seriousness, to which the relief measures are official relief and donating relief. Probing into the causes of these disasters, the author deduces that increasing population deteriorates entironment which lead to disaster. However, disaster decrease the population. In a word, disasters are caused by human being themselves.