美国高等职业教育的特点

The Feature of American High Vocational Education

美国职业教育立法具有阶段性、可操作性、科学性和先行性;高中后为非义务大学教育,包括综合性或研究型大学、普通本科大学和社区学院。社区学院主要承担高等职业教育,实行联邦政府引导、州政府和地方政府分级管理,重心是地方管理;职业教育改革的基本理论主要有人力资本理论和批判理论;形成了形式多样、多维交叉的办学格局,培养目标明确,强调技艺和操作技能,培养中级技术员;人才规格是“5种能力和3种素质”;课程体系包括普通课程、职业课程与学术课程,课程设置具有高度灵活多样和应用性;课程改革主要形式有合作学习、课程整合和STW课程框架;教师任职资格的标准很高,对教师管理非常严格,实行教师资格证书制;产教合作又称为“合作职业教育”,包括以雇主为基础的模式、收办学校模式和学习与就业连结模式;经费来源渠道主要是当地财产税、州政府拨款、联邦政府资助和学生学费。

American job educational legislation has phaseness, effectiveness, scientificness. After high school is the imcompulsory university education wich includs comprehensive or research university, ordinary undergraduate course university and community institute. Community institute undertakes high vocational education mainly, implements federal government guiding, state government and local government differentiated controlling and the center is state management. The basic theories of vocational educational reform includes mainly the theory of manpower and criticizing. The various informative and multi - dimensional education pattern has formed. The train objective is clear. Artistry and operative skill are emphasized. The intermediate technical staff is trained. Talent' s specification is' five kinds of ability and three kinds of quality . Course system includes ordinary course, job course and academic course, course offered has highly flexible and using. The main forms of course are cooperative study, course combining and STW course frame. The standard of teacher' s qualifications is very high and strict with teacher' s management. Teacher's credentials system is implemented. The cooperation of producing and teaching is also called ' cooperative vocational education', including based on employer mode, charging and running school mode and the study link with employment mode. The main funds source channel are local property tax, state government allocate funds, and with federal government subsidy and student's tuition fee.