解读“反胜为败”的现象:一个“Choking”过程理论

UNDERSTANDING “THE LOST FOLLOWING BY WINNING”:A CHOKING PROCESS THEORY

运动员关键时刻以先赢后输的形式丢掉冠军的现象越来越多地发生在现代竞技体育比赛中。心理学上称之为压力下的“Choking” ,并定义为压力条件下一种习惯的运动执行过程发生衰变的现象。对于“Choking”的研究开始于八十年代初中期 ,迄今为止 ,主要有干扰假说和自动执行假说解释其发生机制。但由于现有的假说过于简单 ,理论的研究一直不能为实践防治“Choking”提供可行的措施。本文基于笔者多年来的研究积累 ,就这一空缺 ,提出并讨论了一个“Choking”过程理论。该理论把“Choking”作为一个过程来讨论 ,包括引起因素、认知过程、应付过程和运动过程。根据过程理论 ,本文讨论了“Choking”发生机制。在此基础上 ,提供了防止“Choking”发生的具体可行性措施。

In sports, there is a frequent occurrence of that athletes lose following by winning. Psychologists infer it as ”choking under pressure” defining as deterioration in the execution of habitual processes of performance under pressure. Research into choking started in early 1980s, and ”distraction hypothesis” and ”automatic execution hypothesis have been commonly accepted to explain choking under pressure. Due to the simplicity of the existed hypotheses explaining choking under pressure, there has been a lack of effective therapeutic technique for ameliorating choking. Based on the studies of choking, this article offers and discusses a choking process theory that explains choking as a process rather than a performance outcome. The article argues that the choking process includes stable and unstable causal factors, the perception of pressure, coping strategies, task characteristics, and skill levels. On the basis of the discussion, the author suggests possible techniques that allow athletes to avoid the occurrence of choking in sport.