从臭蜣螂中提取甲壳素/壳聚糖的研究

The Study of Isolation Chitin and Chitosan from Dung Beetle

甲壳素作为自然界中产量仅次于纤维素的第二大生物资源 ,近年来其开发和应用日益受到重视 ,但目前甲壳素的生产原料来源有限 ,生产成本较高。而昆虫是世界上最大的优势动物种类 ,昆虫的总生物量超过了地球上所有动物总生物量 ;但被人类利用的昆虫资源却很少。昆虫是当今地球上未被利用的最大生物资源 ,特别是昆虫的甲壳素资源尚未开发。鉴于目前对于昆虫甲壳素资源的开发尚在尝试阶段 ,本文以臭蜣螂为材料 ,进行了提取甲壳素和壳聚糖的工艺以及其理化特性研究。研究发现 ,臭蜣螂体中甲壳素含量高出目前甲壳素生产常规原料虾蟹壳数倍 ,且从其体中提取的甲壳素与壳聚糖的品质在残留灰分、粘度和色泽等方面优于虾蟹壳。并以单因素试验方法进行了提取甲壳素和壳聚糖提取工艺的研究 ,提出了从臭蜣螂中提取甲壳素和壳聚糖的提取工艺 :①脱矿物质 :用 0 8mol·L- 1 HCl预先 70℃加热 30min ,然后室温条件下浸泡 12h ;②脱蛋白质、脂类 :用 2 0～ 2 5mol·L- 1 NaOH ,在 90～ 10 0℃条件下 ,处理 4～ 5h ;③脱乙酰基 :用 10 0 0～ 11 2 5mol·L- 1 NaOH ,在 130℃条件下 ,处理 3h。

Chitin is one of the most abundant natural amino polysaccharide and is estimated to be produced annually quantity being second only to cellulose. It has become of great interest on its development and application, but the raw material of chitin is limited currently with a high producing cost. However, insect is the biggest dominant animal group in the nature, and its total biomass is the biggest one among all of creatures in the nature, also the biggest unoccupied bio resources, especially the chitin resource of insect. Thus, insect is potentially an abundant resource for alternative raw material of chitin in the future. Whereas the resource of insect chitin has not been exploitaged until now, we studied the chemical characters of the chitin/chitosan from dung beetle, comparison analysis of the qualities of chitin/chitosan with those were from crab and shrimp shells and the technology of isolation chitin/chitosan from dung beetle. It is showed by this research that the content of chitin in dung beetle Copris ochus Motschulshy is several times higher than the shell of shrimp and crab which is the normal raw material for chitin, for the chitin content in shells is about 6%～14% in average and the chitin content of the dung beetle is 28 7%. And the quality of chitin and chitosan from dung beetle is better than the shells for residual ash content of chitin, the viscosities of chitosan and the color of chitin products. Meanwhile, it was fulfilled on the research of isolation chitin/chitosan from dung beetle by the experimentation of single factor method, the appropriate conditions of reaction are: ①Removing mineral matter: put the sample in the solution of 0 8 mol·L -1 HCl, heated for 30 min at 70℃ firstly, then keep for 12 h under room temperature. ②Removing protein and grease: processed the sample with the solution of 2 0～2 5 mol·L -1 NaOH, 90～100℃, keep for 4～5 h. ③Deacetylation: processed the chitin with the solution of 10 00～11 25 mol·L -1 NaOH, keep for 3 h under 130℃.