摘要
古英语动词的虚拟式仅限于现在时和过去时、单数和复数;经过中古英语和早期现代英语到现代英语,动词虚拟式大大简化为were-型、be-型以及had been-型.英语虚拟式可以用在主句中,也可以用于表示说话人认为实现可能性不大的条件句和一些固定用语中.虚拟式表达的是假设意义,鲍石的'虚拟式时间作用可以消失'理论揭示了虚拟式中的一些复杂现象.虚拟式的本质是它的双重作用和它所表示的时态的相对性.虚拟式是在不断发展演化的,从古英语以来就退化了,并且有被直陈式所取代的趋势.
In Old English, there were present and past subjunctives, and each had singular and plural forms, whereas in Modern English after Middle English and Early Modern English, the subjunctive system has greatly simplified into were-subjective, be-subjunctive and had been-subjunctive. The English subjunctive can be used in independent clauses, in conditional clauses that the speaker thinks it impossible to realize, and sometimes in idioms. Among the factual, theoretical and hypothetical meanings, the subjunctive expresses hypothetical meaning. Bausch' s theory 'the temporal action of the subjunctive can be lost' discloses some complicated phenomena in the subjunctive. The Essences of the Subjunctive is its double roles and the relativity of the times it expresses. The English subjunctive has undergone great evolution and recession and is likely to be gradually replaced by indicative mood in most cases.
出处
《山东外语教学》
2004年第2期30-34,54,共6页
Shandong Foreign Language Teaching
基金
江苏省高校哲学社会科学基金项目 ( 0 3SJB740 0 0 2 )
南京师范大学高层次人才科研启动基金项目 ( 2 0 0 2XG0 12 )
关键词
英语
虚拟式
语义
认知
English
subjunctive
semantics
cognitive
