19世纪后期奥匈帝国二元体制评析

Remark on the Binary System of Austro-Hungarian Empire in the Late Period of the 19th Century

为解除1866年战败后奥地利帝国的危机,奥皇弗兰茨·约瑟夫于1867年就民族、宪政等问题进行改革,建立了妥协性的二元制君主国。二元制的建立在很大程度上解决了威胁王朝延续的主要问题,更重要的是,它改变了奥地利的国家结构和政治结构,推动了国家的现代化进程。但是,受二元制国家结构和保守型政治特征的影响,奥匈帝国的政治民主化困难重重,致使帝国政局不稳,也限制了经济发展。其结果是二元制虽保证奥匈帝国延续50年,却未能使帝国真正复兴,也未能挽救帝国继续衰落和解体的危局。

In order to remove the crisis of Austria Empire after being defeated in 1866, with regard to the questions of nation and constitutionalism Emperor F. Joseph carried out reform and founded coercive binary system monarchial state. The establihment of binary system to a great extent solved the main questions that threatened the duration of the royal court, still more important, it changed the state structure and the political structure of Habsburg Empire and promoted its modernizing course. However, under the influence of binary system state structure and the conservative political feature, there still existed many difficulties during the political democratization of the empire, which led to its political states unstable as well as limited its economic development. The result was that though the binary system let the empire last 50 years, still it did not make the empire really revive and did not save it from continuously declining and dissolving, either.