失势的精英及其反抗——戊戌前后湖南新旧之争的政治学分析

The Breakup of Elite' s Group and Social Conflict

本文论述了戊戌变法前后湖南维新运动中精英集团的分裂以及由此衍生的社会冲突状况。湖南维新运动是一个原本富有共识的官绅集团在民族危机面前自新和自救的努力。引起这个官绅集团分裂的直接原因是伴随着省政要员的更换和一批文化新锐的到来而出现的政治权力的重新分配,更深层的原因则是维新运动的急进尤其是科举改革的启动导致了文化权力以及与之相伴生的社会政治权力的急剧倾斜。在这个过程中被侵犯和面临被淘汰的旧精英于是联合起来,利用意识形态工具和各种实际措施对维新事业展开猛烈攻击。这个事例通常被用来说明湖南地域文化的特性,但从政治学的角度看,它呈现出更具普遍意义的特征。

This paper describes the breakup of elites group and social conflict derived from this breakup during the Constitutional Reform and Modernization of 1848 in Hunan Province. The Constitutional Reform and Modernization of 1848 in Hunan Province was a great effort of saving themselves made by the group of gentry and officials who reached a consensus when they were faced with a national crisis. The reason why the group of gentry and officials broke up was the redistribution of political power with the change of provincial officers and the arrival of cultural vanguards, especially the severe unbalance of cultural power and social and political power aroused by the radicalism of the Constitutional Reform and Modernization, specifically the beginning of reform of imperial examinations. In this process, the old elite, whose interests were infringed and faced with elimination, united to attack fiercely the course of the Constitutional Reform and Modernization from the angle of the ideology and the realistic situation. This example is usually used to explain the characteristics of the regional culture of Hunan, but from the perspective of political science, it is of universal significance.