从《逻辑哲学论》解读维特根斯坦前期思想

Interpretation of Tractatus Logico Philosophicus

维特根斯坦的《逻辑哲学论》是理解他前期思想的惟一线索。通过这部著作,可以看到维特根斯坦前期思想的脉络是:现实世界是事实的总和,可能世界是事态的总和。事实是存在的事态。存在的事态和不存在的事态构成实在;语言是命题的总和,命题是对实在的陈述;这种陈述有真有假;语言是实在的逻辑图像。事实的最小单位是原子事实,由单纯物1构成,原子事实又构成分子事实,分子事实是复合物;相应地,陈述原子事实的原子命题是命题的最小单位(基本命题),复合命题是基本命题的真值函项。单纯物不可言说;此外,命题陈述实在并且和实在共享的逻辑形式是不可言说的;伦理问题是不可言说的。可说的都能说清楚,不可说的必须保持沉默。不可说的是神秘领域,只能通过意志的直觉和体验把握。哲学的任务是为语言划界并进而为思想划界。哲学将不再是生产命题的知识体系,而是解释命题、澄清语言逻辑的思想活动。

The basic clue of Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico Philosophicus is that the real world is the summation of facts and the probable world is the summation of the state of affairs. Facts are the existed state of affairs. The existed and the non-existed state of affairs constitute reality; Language is the summation of propositions. Proposition states reality; The statements can be true or false; Language is the logical picture of reality.The minimum units of facts are atomic facts which are made up of simple objects. Atomic facts make up of molecule facts which are complex; Accordingly, Atomic propositions that state atomic facts are the minimum units of propositions. Complex propositions are truth-functions of basic propositions. Simple objects cannot be described;In addition, the logic form by which propositions state reality and share with reality cannot be described; Ethical issues cannot be described. What can be described can be described clearly and to those cannot be described, we should keep silent. What cannot be described belongs to mysterious scopes and can only be grasped through intuition and experience of will.The principle of philosophy is to delimit language and then to thinking. Philosophy is no longer knowledge system which produces propositions, but thinking activities to interpret propositions and clarify the logic of language.