地下水资源开发模式和降落漏斗问题

The Exploitation Patterns of Groundwater and Exhaustion Cone Problem

地下水资源不仅有巨大的资源意义而且有巨大的环境意义,理想的水资源开发模式的建立就应当同时兼顾这两个方面。过量开采地下水,不注意含水层的回灌,自然会形成降落漏斗。结合辽宁地区情况,总结出三种理想开发模式。1)首山水源模式:引水(通过河道输送的水库水)或开采地下水—灌溉稻田(第一次利用)—回渗地下补给地下水—抽取地下水供工业和城市利用(第二次利用);2)龙河水源模式:在河谷地段的中上游(山区或丘陵)植树造林建设"绿色水库",涵养水源;在中游合适地段建设"地表水库",拦蓄河水;在下游或河口地段通过修建地下帷幕坝建设"地下水库",拦蓄地下水;使所谓的"三水"甚至"四水"资源得到比较充分的补给和利用。3)铁西水源模式:这种模式的成功之处是孔隙水(杨柳河冲洪积扇)和隐伏岩溶水的联合调度和联合开发,由于两种含水层的迭置且有一定的水力联系,形成了所谓的含水层耦合结构。

Groundwater has both resource and environmental importance. The ideal exploitation patterns of groundwater must be considered both in pumping water and environmental problem simultaneously. Over pumping the groundwater and not paying more attention to recharge will naturally form the subsiding center of the groundwater (cone of exhaustion). Three ideal developing patterns of groundwater are suggested according to the study in the Liaoning region.1) Shoushan pattern: (using) river and reservoir water to irrigate, and the water percolates into the ground and recharges the water-bearing layer, then pumping the groundwater to supply the industry and city. 2) Longhe pattern: planting trees to build 'green reservoir'in the upper and middle reaches of the river to collect water, and building surface reservoirs in the middle reach of the river to store up the water, and constructing the underground curtain dam to build ground reservoirs. 3) Tiexi pattern: pore water and buried karst water are combined to exploit, because the water-bearing layers have a water connection, and form a water coupling structure.