鲸的食性、摄食方式及其与渔业的关系

Cetacean diet,feeding method and the relationship with fishery

鲸具胎生、哺乳、用肺呼吸、体温恒定等典型哺乳动物的特征 ,由于终生生活在水中 ,体型庞大 ,要保持正常的体温和代谢活动 ,必须消耗大量食物来补充能量。因此 ,了解鲸的食性、摄食方式及其与渔业的关系就显得十分重要。按摄食方式的不同将须鲸划为过滤型 ,齿鲸为捕食型 ;按食物组成和摄食方法的不同 ,将齿鲸又分成三大类型 :食乌贼型、食肉型和食鱼型 ;须鲸则为食浮游生物型。同时探讨了鲸类造成渔业的损失 :直接摄食、毁坏渔具、妨碍作业、争食渔网内的渔获物、驱散鱼群造成鱼捕捞量降低等。渔业对鲸类的主要影响表现为 :误捕、食物短缺和噪音等。

Cetaceans are large animals,and they are warm-blooded,nourishing their cubs with milk,breathing with lungs,and spending their whole lives in ocean.They are significant prey consumers,therefore,it is very important to know the diet,feeding methods,and the relationship between the cetaceans and fishery.There are two basic methods of feeding in baleen whales-skimming and swallowing.Humback whale may use lung feeding,flick feeding,and bubblenet feeding.There are three methods of feeding in toothed whale-teuthophagi,sarcophagi,and ichthyophagi.Cetaceans have effects on the fisheries,such as direct eating,and destroying the fishing net,et al.The impacts of fisheries on cetaceans are by-caught,shortage of food,noise and tourism of whale watching.