水生态服务功能分析及其间接价值评价

Ecosystem services analyses and valuation of China terrestrial surface water system

水生态系统服务功能是指水生态系统及其生态过程所形成及所维持的人类赖以生存的自然环境条件与效用。它不仅是人类社会经济的基础资源 ,还维持了人类赖以生存与发展的生态环境条件。根据水生态系统提供服务的机制、类型和效用 ,把水生态系统的服务功能划分为提供产品、调节功能、文化功能和生命支持功能四大类。水生态系统提供的产品主要包括人类生活及生产用水、水力发电、内陆航运、水产品生产、基因资源等 ;调节功能主要包括水文调节、河流输送、侵蚀控制、水质净化、空气净化、区域气候调节等 ;文化功能主要包括文化多样性、教育价值、灵感启发、美学价值、文化遗产价值、娱乐和生态旅游价值等 ;支持功能是上述服务功能产生的基础 ,其对人类的影响是间接的并且需要经过很长时间才能显现出来。评价中 ,将我国陆地水生态系统分为河流、水库、湖泊、沼泽四个类型 ,结合基础数据的可获得性 ,建立了由调蓄洪水、疏通河道、水资源蓄积、土壤持留、净化环境、固定碳、提供生境、休闲娱乐 8项功能构成的水生态系统间接价值评价指标体系并进行了初步的评价与估算 ,结果表明其总的价值为 6 0 38.78× 10 8元 ,相当于供水、发电、航运、水产品生产等水生态系统提供的直接使用价值的 1.

Water ecosystem services imply the natural environmental conditions and their effectiveness formed and sustained by water ecosystem and its ecological processes, on which, human life relies for existence. They not only supply human society with the basic resources and production, but also provide and maintain the fundamental life-support condition. Water ecosystem services was divided into four groups by their function and effectiveness: provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services. Provisioning services consist of the products harvested from ecosystems, including fresh water supply for daily uses and other economic sections, hydro-power generation, navigation, aquatic products and genetic resources. Regulating services imply the benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes, including water regulation, river transportation, erosion control, water purification and waste treatment, air quality maintenance, and climate regulation. Cultural Services include the non-material benefits people obtained through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreation, and aesthetic experiences, such as cultural diversity, educational values, inspiration, aesthetic values, cultural heritage values, recreation and ecotourism. Supporting services are foundation of the production of all other ecosystem services. Their impacts on people are either indirect or occur over a very long period, including soil formation and retention, production of oxygen through photosynthesis, primary production, nutrient cycling, water cycling, and provisioning of habitat. Chinese terrestrial surface water ecosystems are consisted of rivers, reservoirs, lakes and marshes. In this paper, the ecological services and their economic values were assessed and evaluated by terms of flooding control, soil and sand transporting, water resource storage, soil conservancy, environmental purification, providing wild life habitat, C fixation, biodiversity, and creation and tourism. The base year for assessment is 2000. As a result, the indirect values of water ecosystem services was estimated as 6038.78×108 Yuan RMB , and was 1.6 times more than their direct value (product supply) including water supply for daily uses, industry and agriculture and other economic sections, hydro-power generation, navigation, and aquatic products. Water ecological services play an even more important role in the society than its products.