清代江南的一田两主制和主佃关系的新格局——以苏州地区为中心

The System of “Dual Ownership” and a New Pattern of Owner-tenant Relations in the Lower Yangzi Region during the Qing Dynasty: Centered on Suzhou Area

明清鼎革以降 ,一田两主制对江南地区城乡格局的重组起着非常显著的作用。在一田两主制下 ,居城的地主士绅与农民之间只剩下土地租佃的关系 ,日常生活已没有较紧密的往来 ,主佃的居住空间可以不在同一地点。如何协调地主与农民之间的利益愈显重要 ,与此相关的应对策略和制度安排的复杂性 ,在很大程度上改变了以“地主”为主体的地方精英的“在地性” ,进而对清代江南的城乡关系产生了深远的影响。尤其是 1 9世纪以后 ,随着抗租事件的不断增多 ,业主更愿意选择类似租栈的专门收租机构进行收租 ,由此导致城居地主和乡民之间本已动摇的联系变得更加松散 ,从而形成了主佃关系的新格局。

From the Ming/Qing transition on, the system of “dual ownership of land” exerted a very significant influence on the reorganization of the urban-rural structure in the Lower Yangzi region. Under this system, landowning gentry living in the cities were left with only a tenancy relationship with the peasants. With no close contact in their daily lives, landowners and tenants could live in different places. How to reconcile the interests of landlords and peasants appeared more and more important, and the complexity of the institutional arrangements and strategies taken up in response brought about a great change in the “embeddedness”of “landlord”-based local elites, and further exerted a deep influence on the urban-rural relationship in the Lower Yangzi region during the Qing Dynasty. Especially with the increase in rent strikes from the 19th century on, owners were more willing to turn to specialized rent-collecting institutions similar to rent brokers to collect rents. This further loosened the already shaky ties between landlords lived in cities and peasants, and formed a new pattern of owner-tenant relations.