古入声在赣、客方言中的演变

The Evolution of Ru-Tone in the Gan and Ke Groups of Chinese Dialects

本文考察古入声字的声调和韵母在十七个赣、客方言中的演变。这些方言主要分布在江西中西部和北部,以及湖南东部。我们的考察得出四点结论:第一,古入声调在这些方言中的演变受声母清浊的影响。古全浊声母字的入声调一般归去声或阳去,古清声母的入声调在江西中西部和湖南东部一般归阴平,在江西北部归阴去。第二,在江西南部的一些客家话里,古入声调的演变有两种:一种情况不仅跟声母的清浊有关,还与韵摄有关;另一种情况只跟韵摄有关。第三,古入声韵母演变呈合并趋势。入声韵尾的脱落是古入声调演变的前提。入声韵尾脱落 后,入声调由短变长。第四,入声调的演变结果有两种:一是并入与入声调值最接近的调类,二是保持入声单独的调类。个别例外是由于方言语音构造的制约造成的。

This paper investigates the evolution of Ru-tone in the Gan and Ke groups of Chinese dialects, which are spoken in the north and central west areas of Jiangxi province, as well as in the east of Hunan province. Our investigation leads to the following conclusions: (1) the evolution of the Ru-tone is conditioned by syllable onsets. In particular, the Ru-tone syllable with a voiced onset merges with the Qu-tone category, while the Ru-tone with a voiceless onset merges with the Yinping or Yinqu categories. (2) In the Ke dialects of southern Jiangxi, the Ru-tone evolution is influenced by two factors. The first factor is the voicing of the onset, and the second is the category of rhymes. (3) The evolution of the Ru-tone is a consequence of the loss of obstruent coda in the Ru-tone syllables. (4) The results of the Ru-tone evolution are either to merge with the category that has the closest tonal value or to remain in the Ru-tone category.