义和团运动发展阶段中的民间秘密教门

Non-governmental Secret Religious Societies in the Course of the Evolution of the Yihetuan Movement

拳教是义和团的重要构成 ,贯穿于运动全过程 ,它同乾嘉年间民间秘密教门有源流关系。义和团运动的发展阶段主要在直隶境内展开 ,初在新城兴起 ,继而往天津扩张 ,乾坎卦教开始浮现。 1 90 0年夏北京义和团发展至高潮时 ,其组织趋于多元化。集聚在乾、坎二卦旗帜下的拳教 ,同圣贤道、九宫道等各自展开活动 ,它们与清廷之间表现出错综复杂的关系。义和团虽以民间秘密教门为依托 。

The Boxer Uprising was an anti-imperialist armed struggle waged by North China peasants in 1900, led by the Yihetuan, (literally “Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists”). The Quanjiao (Fist Society) was an important component of the Yihetuan throughout the uprising, having its origin in popular secret religious societies during the period of the Qianlong and Jiaqing reigns. The activities of the Yihetuan Movement were confined mainly to the former province of Zhili: it appeared first in Xingcheng county and then expanded into Tianjin. At the same time Qianguajiao (乾卦教,literally the “First Branch of the Eight-diagram Religion) and Kanguajiao (坎卦教, the “Second Branch of the Eight-diagram Religion) began to surface. The Quanjiao became fissiparous at the height of the Yihetuan Movement in the summer of 1900. Members of Quanjiao who came under the banners of Qianguajiao and Kanguajiao operated independently of Shengxiandao (literally “Society of Sages and Men of Virtue”) and Jiugongdao (literally “Nine-palace Society”). Their relationships with the court of the Qing dynasty were intricate. Although the Yihetuan Movement was rooted in popular secret religious societies it should not be seen as a religious war.