一人公司对传统公司法的冲击

On the Challenge of One-Person Corporation to Traditional Corporation Law

自２０世纪８０年代开始，许多国家顺应现代市场经济发展的客观需要，先后在公司法中确立了一人公司的合法地位。但是，一人公司的出现与发展，对传统的公司社团性理念以及公司法律制度产生了极大的冲击，使人们不得不重新思考公司制度的本质特征。本文认为，传统的公司理念对公司立法承认一人公司不利，应强调公司的本质特征为“公司是独立于其出资人的法人”，而不在于其社团性。但我们必须正视一人公司的弊端，因为一人股东确实打破了复数股东的相互制衡性。因此，应在公司法确立一人公司的合法地位同时，强化对一人公司运行机制的平衡控制。如强化公司资本制度，严格资本充实规则；在公司登记中强化公示主义与要式主义的适用；在法定的有限范围内对一人股东适用无限责任；特定场合下适用揭开公司面纱的制度等。

Since 1980’s the legislations in many countries have acknowledged the legal position of one person’s company. But the appearance and development of such companies actually impact the traditional definition of company’s association character and the traditional company systems, which lets us to reconsider the company’s essential character. The author thinks that the traditional definition of company can not acknowledge one person’s companies and must be modified. We ought to consider the independence of shareholders as the essential character of companies, not association character. However, the disadvantage of one person’s company should also be confronted because these companies actually break the restriction among shareholders. Therefore, the company law should intensify the control of one person’s companies while acknowledging their legal positions. For instance: reinforcement of capital system and insist on the doctrine of capital maintenance; reinforcement of principle of public summons and formality; unlimited liability to the exclusive shareholder in legal circumstance; piercing the corporation’s veil in some circumstances; etc.