汉代太学入学方式演变考察

Investigation on the Evolution of Ways to Enter a School for the Imperial College in the Han Dynasty

西汉中央官学设立之初,学生分两种方式入学一种由太常直接选择,称博士弟子员;另一种由郡太守选送,叫“得受业如弟子”者。太学入学方式的重大变革开始于王莽主政时期。改革的结果一是使太学生入学人数急剧扩张,二是使官僚贵族子弟可免试进入太学。东汉继承了这一做法,导致博士弟子正员主要由官僚贵族子弟所垄断,而免试入学的放开又使名士推荐入学和“游学”成为太学生入学的主流。这一变化对东汉中央官学发生重大影响。一是太学滑出皇权控制的轨道,终于引发东汉末年的学潮和“党锢之祸”,二是“游学”风气造成太学生鱼龙混杂,导致教育质量下降。

At the beginning of establishing the central government schooling in the western Han Dynasty, there were two ways for students to enter a school: some were directly chosen by Taichang and the students chosen were called doctorate students; others were selected by prefecture chief. The great change in the admittance style began in the period of Wang Mang’s power. The result was: The number of Taixuesheng was increasing very fast and the children from bureaucrats and noblemen could enter the Imperial College without pay. The Eastern Han Dynasty inherited this practice, which caused the fact that the doctorate students were mainly from the children of bureaucrats and noblemen. The opening of free admittance made recommended admittance by famous bachelors and “Youxue” become the mainstream for Taixuesheng’s entering school. This change had great influence on the central government schooling in the Eastern Dynasty: First, the Imperial College was out of the control of the imperial authority, which finally led to the Students’ Movement and “the Misfortune of Danggu” at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Second, the atmosphere of “Youxue” made Taixuesheng mixed together, whether good or bad, which caused the decrease in education quality.