唐宋时期从“村坊制”到“城乡交相生养”

From “Village Administrative System” to “the System of the Rural-Urban Integration” in the Tang-Song Period

李唐王朝建立后 ,吸取隋炀帝施政失败的教训 ,尊重当时的城村各居的事实 ,推行了村坊制 ,即村自村、坊自坊的以土断之的管理方法 ,有效地维护了政权的稳定。“乡村户”与“坊郭户”出现的直接原因是由于国家财政对货币的大量需求 ,随着国家财政对货币需求量的不断增长 ,政府逐步放宽商业政策 ,提升工商业者地位 ,刺激了城市的发展 ,标志着真正意义上的“城市”与“农村”的形成 ,这个过程相伴随的则是城乡差别的出现并进一步拉大 ,宋代出现的“城乡交相生养”则是其具体反映。

After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, the ruling class of the Li family had drawn the lessons from the failures of Emperor Suiyang of the previous dynasty and implemented a policy of administrating the villages and towns by the boundaries between them. With the situations of the rural and urban residents taken into account, such a practice had played an important role in preserving the political stability. The reason for the emergence of “village families” and “town families” owed directly to the great demand of currency by the State finance, along with which the Government gradually liberalized its commercial policy. Consequently, the development of towns was promoted, marking the formation of “towns” and “countryside” in the real sense. But this trend also revealed the enlarging gap between the towns and the countryside. It was later reflected in the “rural-urban integration” of the Song Dynasty.