战国楚竹书《子羔·孔子诗论》研究

A STUDY OF THE ZI GAO:"CONFUCIUS' EXPOSITION ON THE BOOK OF SONGS", A BAMBOO BOOK OF THE CHU STATE IN THE WARRING STATES PERIOD

战国楚竹书《子羔》一篇由上海博物馆于1994年购归入藏，近已整理发表。其中《孔子诗论》章为该篇之一部分，乃孔子弟子子羔援孔子论《诗》之作，旨在阐明《诗》教，劝民向德，内容前所未见，弥足珍贵。作为先秦《诗》学的重要著作，其对研究孔子与《诗》之关系。

On the basis of a re-arrangement of the slips of the Zi Gao:'Confucius'Exposition on The Book of Songs'《子羔·孔子诗论》in the collection of the Shanghai Museum, the present paper makes a brief discussion on related problems. The major points are as fellows:1.The all text of the'Exposition'is Confucius'statement on the educational significance of The Book of Songs with the purpose of cultivating in people ethics and explaining systematically Confucian moral concepts by giving play to the moralityenlightening role of The Book of Songs.2. Confucius set the ethical level of songs as the basic standard for his editing The Book of Songs:The section'Song(颂, Praise)'consisted of the songs perfect in ethics and stood at the highest level, the'Da Ya(大雅, Greater Elegance)'and'Xiao Ya(小雅, Lesser Elegance)'came next and third respectively, and the'Bang Feng(邦风)'formed of songs stressing lust rather than ethics was the lowest in morality. Therefore The Book of Songs Confucius edited began with the'Bang Feng'and ended with the'Song'so as to show education in ethics as a process of growing out of nothing and developing up to perfection and to bring the Book into full play in step-by-step moral cultivation. Meanwhile, the words'greater'and'lesser'in the above-mentioned topics meant, of course, the higher and lower moral levels of the songs in the two sections.3. Concerning'sincerity', the statement on its moral connotation in the'Exposition'well reflected its place in the Confucian ethics.'Sincerity'as a standard of general ethics was developed from honesty to the dead. It not only constituted an important part of'filial duty', but also had its own characteristic features. So'filial duty'and'sincerity'formed the foundation of the Confucian ethical system with'benevolence'as the core.4. The'Exposition'expounded the concept of'making a distinction between the sexes'as the basic principle of ritual and the starting point of all ethical enlightenment by using the songs'Guan Ju 关雎','Jiu Mu 樛木','Han Guang 汉广',Que Chao 鹊巢','Gan Tang 甘棠','Lu Yi 绿衣'and'Yan Yan 燕燕'. Confucius'putting the'Guan Ju'at the beginning of his edited songs embodied just this idea. Besides, moral education by means of the seven songs paid special attention to the cultivation of perseverance and faithfulness in matrimony, and this quality was taken among the Confucianists as the cardinal requirement of personal integrity.5. Following the statement on moral education with the seven songs, the'Exposition'expounded the ethics for married couples and brothers by means of the songs'Ge Tan 葛 覃 ','Gan Tang 甘棠','Xing Lu 行露'and'Di Du 杕杜'. The ethics for married couples were represented by the ritual of wedding, whereas morality for brothers by those of banqueting and burial. The former was taken as the foundation of ritual, while the latter as the origin of benevolence, which demonstrates what the moral education by means of The Book of Songs emphasized.