为什么我们需要一种低沉的情绪?——海德格尔对哲学基本情绪的存在历史分析

Why a Low and Deep Pathos is Needed?—— Martin Heidegger's Being- historical Approach to the Grundstimmung of Philosophy

海德格尔从未满足于对“情绪”作一种心理学的规定。在前期哲学中,海德格尔对情绪现象作了现象学的分析,把情绪规定为此在之实存论环节;在后期思想中,海德格尔从“存在历史”意义上对我们时代作了一种“基调”分析。海德格尔认为,希腊哲学的基本情绪是“惊奇”,一种让存在者之存在自行开启的“倾向”,一种“调音”。进而在近代哲学中,存在者是什么之问演变成“确定之物”的追问,“怀疑”成为哲学的基调。存在历史的“另一个开端”的基本情绪则被规定为“既惊恐又畏惧的压抑”。如果说“惊奇”是开启性的、扩张性的,那么“压抑”就是持守性的、收缩性的。“惊奇”趋于创造,而“压抑”则归于守成。作为我们时代的基调,“压抑”并非全然消极,而是指示着思想之重量,呼吁着实存之定力。

Never was Martin Heidegger satisfied with a psychological definition of “ pathos” (stimmung). In the early stage of his philosophy, Heidegger gave it a phenomenological analysis, categorizing it into the existentialism of Dasein; in his later times, Heidegger switched to an analysis on our times' keynote in the sense of “ being- history” . According to Heidegger, the key pathos (grundstimmung) of Greek philosophy is “ astonishment” , a “ tendency” making the being of the beings self- enlightened, a “ tone” . Then in modern philosophy, the question of what is the being changed into that of what is the “ certain being” (ens certum), resulting in “ doubt” as the keynote of philosophy, while the key pathos of the other origin of Being- history was prescribed as “ depression mixed with both panic and fear” . If “ astonishment” is enlightening and expanding, “ depression” is conservative and contracting. “ Astonishment” tends to be creative, while “ depression” falls into conservation. As the keynote of our times, “ depression” is not completely passive; instead, it indicates the importance of thinking and calls for the force of Existence.