戏曲音乐若干基本概念界说

On definition of some basic concepts of opera music

腔为口中所唱 ,或为语音、乐音合一 ,或仅为乐音 (旋律 )。其使用单元为腔调 ,腔调族群为声腔。戏曲原指戏中之曲 ,后指唱曲之戏。戏中之曲初为南北曲 ,后逐渐扩大。南北曲的使用单位是曲牌。不同曲牌各有“特定样式” ,经文人规范的曲牌主要“特定”在文词格式而不在腔调。板式既指板眼形式 ,也常指“板腔”。“板腔体”强调以板式变化推动音乐展开 ,其音乐发挥胜过“曲牌体”。乱弹可泛指清代民间俗腔俗戏 ,也有种种狭义用法。现行“剧种”划分因“戏”、“曲 (腔 )”两种成分的交错而显得复杂 ,地方观念更对剧种划分有过很大影响。地方戏多属外来之戏“地方化” ,但该种地方化常不彻底。

Tune can be either the combination of verbal sound and music or the mere singing tune. Opera originally meant the tune of a play but later referred to a play performed with a tune. Each tune of a play had a name and different names followed different patterns. The present categories of traditional opera are rather complicated due to the close interrelation between tune and play. Moreover, localistic views have also resulted in the difficult classification of local operas as many of them are originated in other places.