高等教育的国际化:外国学生政策之比较分析(续)

Internationalization of Higher Education: A Comparative Study of Foreign Student Policies(Continued)

高等教育的国际化主要可以由学生、教师、课程及研究这四个方向来进行。由于国际学生的流动人数庞大 ,其消费构成价值数百亿美元的市场 ,因此招收外国学生不只有利于长期政治、经贸关系的耕耘 ,国家竞争力的提升 ,更是重要的外销服务性产品 ,故工业先进国家和区域性组织将之视为既是高等教育、也是政治和经济的重要策略。为了进一步了解高等教育国际化的内涵与策略 ,本文由高等教育国际化的历史发展、高等教育国际市场的类型与规模切入 ,并分析欧盟、荷兰、澳洲、日本和马来西亚等国的相关政策。透过比较研究 ,本文指出高等教育国际化具有多重目标、留学生选择留学国家时考虑多重因素 ,因此为了完成高等教育国际化的特定目标 ,各国 /区域组织必须选择对应策略。值得注意的是 ,高等教育国际化固然有其重要性 ,但是过度重视招收外国学生也可能带来负面影响。

The internationalization of higher education can be carried out through the internationalization of students, teachers, curriculum and research. Due to the magnitude of the political and economic benefits countries can reap from the international exchange of tertiary students, policies to increase the intake of foreign students have gained amounting attention. Through a historical analysis of the policy implication of international flow of students at different periods and a comparative study of the policies adopted by EU, Netherlands, Australia, Japan and Malaysia, this article suggests that foreign student policy has to consider the specific purposes that the country intends to complete and the factors that foreign students may consider in selecting a host country. Besides, this article argues that despite its potential economic and political contributions, over-emphasis of the intake of foreign students may have negative impact on the receiving countries culturally and academically.