联邦主义与邦联主义的混合——欧盟政制结构的特点与问题

The EU Mixed Constitution of Federalism and Confederalism and Its Problems

在传统政治科学的视角下,欧洲联盟 共同体机构具有结构性特征;欧盟政制联邦主义和邦联主义的混合特征与美国联邦主义和德国联邦主义既有区别,又有联系。欧盟政制目前的改革方向———在理事会决策更多问题上使用有效多数表决规则,忽略了如下问题:该项制度不能保证决策的审议性,并有可能强化欧盟机构的中央集权。双重主权、双重公民资格的现代联邦制结构,而非在一般性机构中进行邦联制与联邦制的混合,能更好地解决上述问题。

From the perspective of traditional political science, this article presents a brief introduction of the structural characteristics of the EU/ EC institutions, and shows the key factors of the EU mixed constitution of federalism and confederalism through the comparison of American and German federalism models. This article analyses the reforms of EU constitution, especially the introduction of qualified majority rules on more decisions, and points some difficult problems that are ignored usually such as deliberative decision rules and centralization. It seems that rather than the mixture of federalism and confederalism in general institutions, the modern federal structure of dual sovereignty and dual citizenship would be chosen to resolve these problems.