唐宋间“四书”的升格过程

The Sublimation of the “Four Books”between Tang and Song Dynasties

汉唐儒家以治“六经”为主,宋代儒家却多治“四书”,唐宋间存在着“四书”升格的趋向。中唐时,韩愈创儒学道统之说,以孔孟为正宗。皮日休承其说而复推之。李翱著《复性书》三篇,启后世儒者畅谈心性的旨趣。北宋初年,当政者以实际行动来推广“四书”。北宋中叶,荆公新学虽以《三经新义》为本,但扬《论》、《孟》之意颇浓;张载关学以《中庸》为体,以孔、孟为法;二程洛学明确将“四书”并行推举。南宋朱熹将“四书”并行出版,意味着“四书”升格运动的最后完成。

The Confucians of Han and Tang Dynasties mainly featured “Six Scriptures”while those of the Song Dynasty mainly featured “Four Books”. There existed the trend of sublimation of the “Four Books”between Tang and Song Dynasties. In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu created the doctrine of adhering to Confucianism and regarded Confucius and Mencius as the orthodox.Pi Rixiu inherited and promoted this.The three books of the Resurrection of Human Nature written by Li Hao are aimed at free talk of innermost feelings by the Confucians. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, those in power promoted the “Four Books”through practical activities. In the middle of the North Song Dynasty,although Jinggongxinxue was based on Sanjingxinyi, it was more interested in Analects and Mencius.Guanxue by Zhang Zai was based on middle-of-the-road as its contents and on the ideas of Confucius and Mencius as the guidelines.Erchengluoxue made it clear to promote the “Four Books”equally hard.Zhu Xi in the Song Dynasty published the four books simultaneously which meant the eventual accomplishment of the sublimation of the“Four Books”.