1Schilant RC, Hurst TW. eds. Advances in electrocardiography [M]. New York: San Francisco London. 1976. 353- 359
2Furbetta D, Bufalari A, et al. Abnormality of the U wave and of the T - U segment of the electrocardiogram. The syndrome of papillary muscles[J]. Circulation, 1956, 14:1129
3Nahum LH, Hoff HE. The interpretation of the U wave of the electrocardiogram[J]. Am. Heart J. 1939, 17:585
4Lepeschkin E. Physiologic basis of the U wave [ A]. In:Schlant RC, Hurst JW. Advances in Electrocardiography[ M].New York: Grune and Stratton, 1972. 431 -447
5Hoffman BF, Cranefield PF. Electrophysiology of the heart [M]. New York: McGraw Hill Book Co, 1960. 201 -202
6Watanabe Y. Purkinje repolarization as a possible cause of the U wave in electrocardiogram[J]. Circulation, 1975, 51:1031- 1037.
7Sicouri S, Antzelevitch C. A subpopulation of cells with unique electrophysiological properties in the deep subepicardium of the canine ventricle[J]. The Mcells. Circ Res 1991,68:1729- 1741.
8Lazzara R. The U wave and the M cell[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995, 26(1): 193 - 194.
7Azevedo E R,Parker J D. Parasympathetic control of cardiac sympathetic activity:normal ventricular function versus congestive heart failure [J]. Circulation,1999,100(3):274-279.
8Costa M,Barrington M,Majewski H. Evidence that M1 receptors enhance noradrenaline release in mouse atria by activating protein kinase C [J]. Br J Pharmacol,1993,110(2):910-916.
9Olmez E,Guc M O,Ilhan M. Inhibitory muscarinic cho-linoceptors on postganglionic sympatheic nerves in the guinea pig isolated atrium are of the M3 subtype [J]. Pharmacology,1995,51(2):112-117.
10Apringliano O,Rybin V O,Pak E,et al. Beta 1-and beta 2-adrenergic receptors exhibit differing susceptibility to muscarinic accentuated antagonism [J]. Am J Physiol, 1997,272(6 pt 2):H2726-2735.