中小企业发展的国际比较、理论解释及中国问题分析

International Comparison and Theory of the Size of the Firm and an Analysis of China's SMEs

OECD国家、亚洲新兴工业化国家 (地区 )和中国的平均企业规模都呈明显的倒U型变化趋势。企业规模同经济增长、城市化及工业化之间并不存在“当且仅当”的正相关关系。因为 :分工与专业化是经济增长和递增报酬的源泉 ,厂商规模同经济增长并没有内在的因果关系。如果分工在企业内部发生 ,厂商平均规模就扩大 ;如果分工在企业之间发生 ,则厂商平均规模就缩小。决定厂商规模的 ,乃是中间产品和劳动力相对交易效率的变化 ;决定经济增长的 ,乃是一般交易效率的高低。因此 ,厂商规模的变化和经济增长是两个相互独立的现象 ,经济增长可以在厂商平均规模扩大时发生 ,也可以在厂商平均规模缩小时发生。本文并对中国目前中小企业政策可能会产生的经济后果进行了分析。

The average size of firms of OECD countries, Asian newly industrialized economies and China shows an inverted U shape. There is no if and only if relationship between the growth of per capita income, urbanization and industrialization. How to explain the phenomenon inconsistent with the conventional wisdom? According to theory of the irrelevance of the size of the firm, if division of labor develops within the firm, productivity and the size of the firm increase side by side. If division of labor occurs between firms, productivity and division of labor increase, while average size of the firm decreases. What decides the size of the firm is the change of transaction efficiency of intermediate goods relative to final goods. What decides the economic growth is the general transaction efficiency. Hence, the change of the size of the firm and economic growth are two parallel phenomena. Economy can grow either as the size of the firm increases or decreases. The level of division of labor and productivity cannot be explained by the average size of the firm, or the size of the firm is irrelevant to productivity and level of division of labor. According to this theory, many existing policies regarding the SMEs in China are inefficient and need to be adjusted.