秸秆还田配施氮肥对夏玉米灌浆过程和产量的影响

Effects of crop residues incorporation and N-fertilizer use on seed filling and yield of summor maize

针对京郊"冬小麦-夏玉米"种植制度下秸秆还田十分普遍,然而氮肥施用却常常过量这一现状,探讨了秸秆还田配施氮肥对夏玉米灌浆过程和最终产量的影响。试验设秸秆还田和秸秆不还田2个因素,不施氮、传统施氮和优化施氮3个氮肥水平。结果表明:秸秆还田配施氮肥,夏玉米的籽粒体积增加了17.38%～19.69%,高速灌浆持续期较对照延长5～7d,夏玉米产量提高显著,尤其是秸秆还田+优化施氮处理产量最高,达到7385.1kg/hm2;秸秆还田优化施氮的穗粒数达到598.19粒/穗,与秸秆不还田不施氮处理相比增加了27.3%,秸秆还田传统施氮处理的千粒重最大,达到239.75g/1000粒。通过对比分析,认为"秸秆还田+优化施氮"是京郊地区适宜采用的一种增加作物产量的优化耕作模式。

In the suburban of Beijing, a planting system 'winter wheat-summer maize' is very common and crop residues incorporation is also popular. At the same time, N-fertilizer is used more than needed. In this paper, effects of crop residues incorporation and N-fertilizer on the summer maize seed filling and yield were studied. There were two factors, straw covering and no-straw covering. 'No N-fertilizer, traditional N-fertilizer and optimized N-fertilizer' were the three levels designed. The results showed the seed volume of summer maize was improved by 17.38%~19.69%, the period with high filling rate was prolonged by 5~7 days,the yield was improved obviously because of straw and N-fertilizer use. Treatment 'crop residues incorporation +optimized N-fertilizer', was the best treatment whose yield was 7 385.1 kg/hm^2 and the highest among the six treatments. And the yield characteristics and yield components were studied which indicated that in the treatment 'crop residues incorporation + optimized N-fertilizer', seeds per ear was 598.19, and increased by 27.3%. In the treatment 'crop residues incorporation +traditional N-fertilizer', the 1000-seed weight was 239.75 g, which showed that 'crop residues incorporation +optimized N-fertilizer'was the best approach to improv the yield of summer maize in the suburban of Beijing.