论滕尼斯对"共同体"与"社会"的阐释

On Tennis'Explanation of "Gemeinschaft" and "Gesellchaft"

德国社会学家斐迪南·滕尼斯使用了"共同体"与"社会"的概念对欧洲工业化以来的社会变迁进行诠释,认为共同体是一种自然形成、整体本位的有机体,受本质意志支配,通过默认一致和信仰将人们联系起来;而社会则是非自然形成的、个人本位的机械聚合和人为产物,受选择意志支配,通过法和公众舆论将人们联系起来。滕尼斯提出的"共同体与社会"的类型方法已经形成了社会学当中的一种流派,对后来的社会学理论的发展发生了重要的影响。

Ferdinand Tennis, a Germany Socialist, adopted the concepts of Gemeinschaft & Gesellchaft to explain the great social transformation that took place after the industrialization of Europe. Tennis divided the human relationships into two types: Gemeinschaft, a kind of naturally formed holistic-oriented organism administrated by Wesenwille, in which people are connected by unanimity and faith; Gesellchaft, the man-made individual-oriented mechanism administrated by Kurwille, in which people are connected by laws and public opinions. The concepts of Gemeinschaft and Gesellcha, proposed by Tennis, have helped to form a new school of thought and greatly influenced the theoretical development of sociology.