几种跳远起跳练习手段效用的运动学辨析

An Investigation of the Training Methods of the Long Jump Take-off

通过对原地上步起跳、连续上步起跳和连续3步助跑起跳练习,短程助跑和中程助跑起跳成腾空步练习,与完整跳远进行运动学比较分析,结果发现:原地上步、3～5步助跑起跳练习因完成难度较低,可以作为学习掌握跳远起跳技术的手段,在学习的泛化、分化等初学阶段运用;但是表现出练习强度较低,所以对于有一定水平的运动员提高专项素质、改善技术等方面意义不大;短、中程助跑起跳成腾空步练习的运动学特征和专项强度与专项较为接近;上述各练习手段在起跳过程中表现出的技术运动学参数与上板速度这一外在控制因素并不存在必然的规律;连续上步起跳与完整跳远技术动作差异较大,且可能产生“负迁移”的因素多于产生“正迁移”的因素,在教学训练中应慎重使用。

The study compared training methods of the take-off in long jump such as one-step, successive one-step, successive triple-step run-up, short & medium distance run-up and long jump employing the kinetic method.The results showed that the features of these widely employed training methods were slightly different from the quantitative analysis results in this research.It was not very difficult to learn the one-step and successive triple-step run up so these methods should be used in initial learning in order to help students know the technique. However, as the intensity of training was lower they did not benefit improving athletes'performance. The kinetic characteristics and the intensity of the short & medium distance run-up were close to practical performance.The kinetic parameter within the different training methods had no linear relationship to the speed of take-off but there was a difference between the movement of successive one-step take off and the complete technique of long jump which could cause more negative than positive transfer in training. The study thus suggests that this method should be used with caution.